Colour Blindness, Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia

Colour Blindness: Men are almost 20 times more likely to suffer from colour blindness than women. That makes about 8% of the male population and 0.5% of the female population. This is largely because women will only be affected if both parents have the defective gene.

Myopia: "nearsightedness" , "shortsightedness" is a condition of the eye where the light that comes in does not directly focus on the retina but in front of it. This causes the image that one sees when looking at a distant object to be out of focus but in focus when looking at a close object. The corrective lenses have a negative optical power (i.e. are concave). Myopia is partly hereditary.

Hyperopia: also known as farsightedness, longsightedness, orhypermetropia, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing difficulty focusing on near objects.
Hyperopia is often confused with presbyopia, another condition that frequently causes blurry near vision. Presbyopes who report good far vision typically experience blurry near vision because of a reduced accommodative amplitude brought about by natural aging changes with the crystalline lens.


Astigmatism: is an optical defect in which vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina. This may be due to an irregular or toric curvature of the cornea or lens.
The astigmatic optics of the human eye can often be corrected by spectacles, hard contact lenses or contact lenses that have a compensating optic, cylindrical lens (i.e. a lens that has different radii of curvature in different planes), or refractive surgery.

Presbyopia: is a condition where the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age. Presbyopia’s exact mechanisms are not known with certainty

The Recommendations of the High Level Expert Committee on Efficient Management of Public Expenditure

The Planning Commission constituted the High Level Expert Committee (HLEC) on Efficient Management of Public expenditure under the Chairmanship of Dr C.Rangarajan

The terms of reference were: 
  • to clearly define the scope of public-sector Plan aligning it to changes in design and delivery systems;
  • to suggest an action plan for abolition of the Plan and non-Plan distinction; 
  • to suggest a comprehensive framework for resource transfer to states; 
  • to examine the accountability concerns arising out of direct transfer of funds;
  • and to examine revenue and capital expenditure classification on end-use basis.

The HLEC submitted its report in September 2011 and the main recommendations of the Committee are as follows:
  1. A fundamental shift in the approach of public expenditure management by removing the Plan-Non Plan distinction and with budgeting linked to outputs and outcomes.
  2. Introduction of a new multi-dimensional budget and accounting classification with uniform codes for central programmes, sub programmes and schemes being implemented in the States. The Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS) to be extended and a portal to be set up for the citizens to provide information on flow of resources and their utilization.
  3. The switchover to complete treasury mode from 12th Five Year Plan for all new schemes. A suitable accounting methodology to distinguish between final expenditure and transfer to be worked out by the CGA (Controller General of Accounts) and CAG (Comptroller and Auditor General).
  4. The annual budgetary component of the Plan of the Centre and States to have one-to-one relation with the Government Budget of the Centre or of a State respectively. All States/UTs to include information about investment outlays of SPSEs (State Public Sector Enterprises) in their budgets as a separate annexure. The resources of the rural and urban local bodies to be included as part of the State/UT Plans.
  5. Regular updates on Project-wise, Ministry-wise and Sector-wise information on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) to be provided in Central and State Budgets as both annuity payments and VGF (Viability Gap Funding) pertaining to PPP projects are provided from the budgetary support.
  6. Continuation of the Revenue-Capital classification and introduction of an “adjusted revenue deficit” by adjusting the revenue deficit to the extent of grants for creating assets for better understanding and for compliance in terms of FRBMA. Capital expenditure should relate to the creation of assets and be determined by the ownership criterion.
Source : Economic Survey 2011-2012

Economic survey 2011-2012 - pdf all in one zip file

http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2011-12/echapter.zip

Animal Species of India

Animal
Black Buck True antelope
Nilgai Largest dryland herbivore
Himalayan Tahr Related to wild goat
Nilgiri  Tahr Closely related to sheep
One-Horned Rhinoceros or Indian Rhinoceros Found in Assam
Asatic Lion Found only in Gir National Park
Snow Leopard Found on himalayan slopes
Dhole or Indian Wild Dog Highly social animal
Pigmy Hog Found in Assam
Leopard One of the five big cats found in India
Clouded Leopard Found in Himalyan Foothills
Cheetah  Extinct in India




Blackbuck 
Nilgai

Himalayan tahr


Nilgiri Tahr


One-horned Rhinoceros


Snow Leopard


Dhole / Indian wild dog


Clouded Leopard

Rare Animal species of India

Animal Found in
Hangul or Kashmir Stag Kashmir
Barasingha or Swamp Deer Terai region
Indian Wild Ass Little Rann of Kutch
One horned Rhinoceros Assam
Gaur or Wild Buffalo Terai region
Lion-tailed macaque Southern western ghats and Annamalai Ranges
Golden Langur Along the banks of Manas River in Assam
Capped Langur NE India

Bara Singha
Gaur
Golden Langur
Hangul