Important Species of India - Cats

The Tiger (Panthera tigris) :

The Tiger (Panthera tigris)

• The subspecies found in India is Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris).
•  It is classified as endangered by IUCN.

Distribution : 

• The bengal tigers inhabit tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands.  
• The major tiger conservation units in India are Manas-Namdapha, Hazaribagh National Park, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kanha-Indravati, Panna National Park, Melghat Tiger Reserve, Ratapani Tiger Reserve,  Kaziranga-Meghalaya, Kanha-Pench, Simlipal, Indravati Tiger Reserves, Periyar, Kalakad-Mundathurai, Bandipur and Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary.

The Press Council Of India

The Press Council Of India was established as a statutory body to preserves the freedom of the press, and to maintain and improve the standards of print media. It was set up in 1966 by an act of parliament. The present Council functions under the Press Council Act 1978.

It is a statutory, quasi judicial body which acts as a watchdog of the press. It adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the press respectively. It may either warn or censure the errant journalists on finding them guilty.

• A retired judge of Supreme court of India acts as the Chairman of the Press Council of India. The present Chairman is Justice Markandey Katju.
• The council also consists of 28 members.
• 20 represent the press and are nominated by the press organisations/news agencies recognised and notified by the Council as all India bodies of categories such as editors, working journalists and owners and managers of newspaper; 
• 5 members are nominated from the two houses of Parliament and 
• 3 represent cultural, literary and legal fields as nominees of the Sahitya Academy, University Grants Commission and the Bar Council of India. 

The members serve on the Council for a term of three years.

The Council is funded by revenue collected by it as fee levied on the registered newspapers in the country on the basis of their circulation.

What is Malware and spyware ?

Malware is a malicious unwanted software often take control of users' computers for black-market exploitation. 

Malware infected computers are called "zombie computers" and can be used for many malicious purposes like sending email spam, hosting offensive material and for conducting denial of service attacks.

A Malware can be a computer virus or trojan horse or spyware or adware or any other type of malicious programme. A Malware can be used to gain personal information or sensitive government data. The rise of the broadband internet led to the proliferation of profit oriented malwares.

Spyware is a type of malware which monitors user's web browsing data. Then the spyware displays advertisements based on the browsing data and fetch advertisement income to the spyware creators.

Section 66A of the Information Technology Act of India 2000

Section 66A. Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service etc. 

Any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device.- 

(a) any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character; or

(b) any information which he knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred or ill will, persistently by making use of such computer resource or a communication device; or
 

(c) any electronic mail or electronic mail message for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience or to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine.

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