UPSC IAS PRelims Reults - civils prelims results 2012 pdf free download

 UPSC IAS PRelims Reults - civils prelims results 2012


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The Constitution of India - Preamble

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having

solemnly resolved to constitute India into a

SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure 

to all its citizens :

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;

and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Fundamental Rights

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Part III (Articles 12 – 35)
(Subject to certain conditions, some exceptions and reasonable restrictions)
guarantees these 

Fundamental Rights

Right to Equality
• before law and equal protection of laws;
• irrespective of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth;
• of opportunity in public employment;
• by abolition of untouchability and titles.

Right to Freedom
• of expression, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession;
• of certain protections in respect of conviction for offences;
• of protection of life and personal liberty;
• of free and compulsory education for children between the age of six and fourteen years;
• of protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right against Exploitation
• for prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour;
• for prohibition of employment of children in hazardous jobs.

Right to Freedom of Religion
• freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion;
• freedom to manage religious affairs;
• freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion;
• freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in educational institutions wholly maintained by the State.

Cultural and Educational Rights
• for protection of interests of minorities to conserve their language, script and culture;
• for minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Right to Constitutional Remedies
• by issuance of directions or orders or writs by the Supreme Court and High Courts for enforcement of these Fundamental Rights.

The Viruses

• The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell. 
• Once they infect a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host. 
• Viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of proteins. They are inert outside their specific host cell. 
• Viruses are obligate parasites.In addition to proteins viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either RNA or DNA. 
• No virus contains both RNA and DNA. 
• A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious. 
• In general, viruses that infect plants have single stranded RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA. 
• Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that infect the bacteria) are usually double stranded DNA viruses. 
• The protein coat called capsid made of small subunits called capsomeres, protects the nucleic acid. These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms. 
• Viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus. 
• In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth.

The fungi and Lichens

The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. They show a great diversity in morphology and habitat. Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants. They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. Food is kept in the refrigerators to prevent food from going bad due to bacterial or fungal infections.

• The bread develops a mould or orange rots because of fungi. 
• The common mushroom and toadstools are also fungi. 
• White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a parasitic fungus. 
• Some unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and beer. 
• Other fungi cause diseases in plants and animals; wheat rust-causing Puccinia is an important example. 
• Some are the source of antibiotics, e.g., Penicillium. 
• Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called saprophytes. 
• Those that depend on living plants and animals are called parasites. 
• They can also live as symbionts – in association with algae as lichens and with roots of higher plants as mycorrhiza. 
• Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means – fragmentation, fission and budding.
• With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular, fungi are filamentous. Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures. 

Lichens: Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi. The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont, which are autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively. Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner. So close is their association that if one saw a lichen in nature one would never imagine that they had two different organisms within them. Lichens are very good pollution indicators – they do not grow in polluted areas.

Common Pulses of India

The term "pulse", as used by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), is reserved for crops harvested solely for the dry seed. This excludes green beans and green peas, which are considered vegetable crops. Pulses are important food crops due to their high protein and essential amino acid content. Like many leguminous crops, pulses play a key role in crop rotation due to their ability to fix nitrogen. India is the world's largest producer and the largest consumer of pulses.

The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) or Toor dal or Arhar or Red gram is an important legume crop of rainfed agriculture in the semiarid tropics. A group of Indian scientists have decoded the genome of ‘Arhar’, the second most important pulse crop of India.

chickpea (Cicer arietinum) or chana or Bengal gram. India is the world leader in chickpea (Bengal gram) production.

Green Gram (Vigna radiata) or Mung  is native to the Indian subcontinent.

Black Gram (Vigna mungo) or Black Gram or Urad

Soya Bean is widely grown and has many uses

Pea (Pisum sativum)

Common Cereal Crops

Cereals are major food crops, grown for their grains. The most common cereals are Maize, Rice, Wheat etc. The whole grains are rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein. The refined grains contain mostly carbohydrates and loses all the other nutrients in the process of refining.

Maize / Corn
A staple food of people in America, Africa, and of livestock worldwide; often called corn or Indian corn in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. A large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption.

Rice The primary cereal of tropical and some temperate regions

 

 

 

Wheat: The primary cereal of temperate regions. It has a worldwide consumption but it is a staple food of North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

Barley: Grown for malting and livestock on land too poor or too cold for wheat.

Sorghum: Important staple food in Asia and Africa and popular worldwide for livestock

Millet: A group of similar but distinct cereals that form an important staple food in Asia and Africa.

Oats: Formerly the staple food of Scotland and popular worldwide as a winter breakfast food and livestock feed